اسباب و معوقات قلة انتاج حليب الابقار في محافظة السليمانية
د.برهان صابر
خلاصة
اكثرية البحوث في المراكز العلميةهي بحوث
اكاديمية بحثة ، وليست بحوث تطبيقية ، و تجرى لغرض الترقية الوضيفية او نيل شهادات عليا في مواضيع علمية خاصة بموضوع علمي معين . لكن هذا البحث تدخل ضمن قائمة (Rural research ) والتى هي جزء
من (social research) من خلال هذا البحث اسعى لايجاد
اسباب و معوقات انتاج الحليب والتى ترجع الى تخلف صناعة المواشى بصورة عامة و
ثقافة اصحاب الحقول والتى تتأثر بدوره بسياسةالحكومة من ناحية تأمين و سلامة
الغذاء . عدم التطرق لهذه المواضيع و التى ترتبط
مباشرة بمواضيع تامين الغذاء، هي بسبب تداخل الموضوع مع سياسة الحكومة في المجال
الزراعى بصورة عامة و استريجيته في تـأمين وسلامة الغذاء بصورة خاصة ،والتى لاتمر بدون
مشاكل في بلدنا، لاغنى عنها للباحثين . لذلك نجد ان البحوث العلمية التى تجرى في مراكزنا العلمية،لاتحدث تغييرات جوهريةفي
مجالات الحياة في مجتمعاتنا،فعلى سبيل المثال نجد رغم وجود امكانيات مادية ، و
وجود اكثر من 500 طبيب بيطري و الالاف المهندسين الزراعيين و كلية الطب البيطري و
كليات الزراعة باقسمامه المتعدده، وعدد
هائل من الفلاحين ،فلايوجد حقل ابقار تتواجد فيه شروط التربية والتغذية الصحية و
سجلات لتسجيل المعلومات عن الابقار حتى في المراكز العلمية،فما جدوى اعمالنا؟
The reason behind the low production
of cow’s milk in Sulaimaniyah province
50 farmers in the Sulaymaniyah province were randomly selected from the 10
best farmers who had been selected by each of 13 AI officers from 12 veterinary
centers covering 39 villages and the surrounding farms.
The farmers were asked questions about;
Their knowledge of cattle husbandry, their animals e.g breeding, record
keeping, feeds used, milk yield, housing in cow pen or barn, their use of the
extension system etc.
1: The farmers and their animals
·
58% of
participants have another job, farming is their second career.
·
48% of farmers
receive salary form the government or from a political party. This has a
negative effect on farmers who then do not care about farming.
·
All
participants have a total of 757 animals giving an average of 15.4 cows/farmer. These animals are from a variety of breeds,
namely 15.19% local breeds , cross breed 57.86%, Simmental 10.17%, Brown Swiss
5.54%, and Holstein 10.96%. This is indicative of active smuggling because
Simmental, Brown Swiss, and pure Holstein cows are imported illegally, and
farmers prefer rearing high productive cattle. As more than half of the cows
are cross breeds, it indicates efficiency of AI.
·
Although 57.86
of animals are cross breeds produced by AI, most of farmers do not have any information
about what is a Filial generation. In total there are only 2 F4 calves, 3 F3
animals and 11 F2 calves which does not reflect 42 years of AI activity in
Sulaiymaniyah. This caused by a lack of cow pedigree recording, and
identification and traceability of individual animals.
·
The reason for
cattle breeding in the first place is dairy farming and reproduction with
Simmental cows being used for dairy farming.
·
Participating
farmers had conducted AI over 3 to 42years.
·
Reasons for
not obtaining F4 or F6 generations were: the selling of calves as beef animals
by 26 farmers, abortion on 2 farms, 1 farm was unsuitable, the cost of keeping
calves on 1 farm, cattle ruining the village was the reason given at 1farm and calves
viewed as undesirable by1 farmer.
·
86% of farmers
prefer a private sector AI service because they work after official time and on
holidays. 12% used both private and public AI services while 2% used natural
insemination.
·
Only one of
the participants was not satisfied with AI officers because his cows had
aborted.
·
60% of
participant farmers prefer private sector for animal treatment because the
government sector has a lack of medicines, the low level of experience of
personnel and limited official time.
22% of those questioned used the government sector and
the remaining18% had no preference.
2. Feeding methods used
·
42% do not
feed cows with clover, 36% feed clover while 20% sometimes feed clover to their
animals Clover is a strategic and necessary feed for cattle and failure to meet
the animals’ nutritional needs is another reason of low production and diseases,
particularly diseases of the reproduction system.
·
None of the farmers
measure the amount of clover that the cows are fed with.
·
88% percent of
the farmers surveyed do not feed the cows with corn while 4% feed it sometimes
and 8% utilize this feed. This is another reason of low productivity and
diseases particularly reproductive disease.
·
None of the
farmers who use corn measure the amount of corn that the cows are fed.
·
The best cow
feed according to the experience of participating farmers was; clover, 25
farmers, 11farmers preferred to use black barley, 10 farmers used corn, 1 used mixed
feed, while 8 farmers used a readily available cattle feed. This indicates that
only 18% of farmers know the perfect cow feed.
·
66% of farmers
do not feed cows with dried grass or clover during winter and summer. 4% of
farmers sometimes feed them with dried grass and only 30% do use this as a
daily feed. That is another reason of low product and diseases particularly
reproductive disease.
·
None of the
farmers that use dried grass measure the amount of grass that the cows are fed
with.
·
42% do not add
salt to the cows feed, 4% sometimes do so while the remaining 48% add salt in
the feed. Although salt is cheap, the only reason that most of the farmers do
not add it is a lack of extension and only 2% of farmers use the correct salt
to feed ratio. Meanwhile 98% do not know the correct ratio.
·
32% of farmers
do add vitamins in the feed, 4% sometimes, and 42% do not add vitamins at all.
·
Only 4% of farmers use the correct ratio of vitamins, the
remaining 96% add incorrect amounts. That is another reason of low production
and diseases, particularly reproductive disease, and also gives negative
effects on AI performance.
·
Only 28% offer
feed to new born calves at the correct time at age of 7-15days, 28% of them
feed at one month, 22% of them feed them at 2 months, 12% feed at 3months,
finally 6% of them feed at 4 months.
3. Milking methods and milk
yield
·
20% of farmers
use machines for milking, while 80% use traditional hand milking.
·
92% of farmers
milk the cows twice a day, 6% milk cows 3 times a day (milking 3 times a day
cause a 25% increase in milk production), and only 2% of them milk cows once a
day, (these are farmers that have another job or have salary)
·
Average of
local breed cow milk production was 6.78 litres (244 litre/63 farmer), the lowest was 2 litres,
while the highest was 16 litres.
·
Average of
cross breed cow milk production was 13.21kg (568 kg/43Farmer) the least was 4
kg, the highest was 30 kg.
·
Milk
production in other breeds was: Simmental;18kg ,Brown swiss 29kg , Holstein; 40
kg
·
Total milk
production was 1,996 kg , the average was about 10kg/cow.
·
Weaning; 34%
of the farmers do not wean until they judge the calf to be satisfied, 28% at
wean calves at 6-12 months, 32% at 3-6months,
while 6% wean calves at1-3months. The correct time of weaning is 58 days and to
establish this practice extension service is required.
·
Only 2% measure
the amount of milk given to a calf, while 98% do not know they should do so, because
almost all of them allow calves to suckle directly which causes many problems
and wasting milk.
·
74% of the
farmers sell their dairy product as yogurt,22% as “traditional DO”, 6% as milk,
while 14% do not sell their products at all – the latter are those who have
another job”
·
The price of 1kg
of yogurt is from 600-1750 ID depending on the season, during spring it is
cheap, as it is in far places.
·
78% of farmers
use the milk of systematically treated cows, 22% do not.
·
68% of do not
use the milk of cows for mastitis by the use of intramammary infusion ointment
but 32% will use the milk if yogurt can be made of it.
4. Housing
of animals
·
4% of the
participating farmers have the legal license for a dairy farm project, 45%
don’t have, 6% of them are in progress of obtaining a license.
·
68% of the
farmers close the windows in cold weather,16% of them do not while the
remaining 16% close them partway.
·
26% of the
farmers have stocks for individual cows, 74% of them do not. Both individual
stocks and mass pens are necessary for vaccination, blood collecting, etc.
procedures to be carried out.
·
40% of the
cows live in an indoor system, 60% of them in an outdoor facility or are free
to roam. Keeping cows in closed places with imbalanced feed causes nutritional
deficiencies, reproductive disorders, pica, madness etc.
·
64% of farmers
have not numbered/tagged their cows, 32% of them have numbered some of their
animals.
·
50% of farmers
beat their cows by sticks. While the others do not. Physical punishment causes
low milk production and makes animals nervous and harder to handle.
·
2% of farmers
have data record notebooks for AI, while 100% have no cow data records at all.
Recording cow data is necessary for recording issues and breeding results.
5. Extension System
·
48% of farmers
have known that an extension office exists as a part of the agriculture office
while 52% of them have no knowledge of this.
·
35 farmers ask
AI officers for extension, 29 have asked veterinarians while 8 have asked
expert friends. No one asked extension office for extensions.
·
Only 6% of
farmers have participated in an extension course within the last 10 years.
·
90% of farmers
have yet to visit an extension office while 10% have done so.
·
98% of farmers
do not have a telephone number for an extension office phone.
·
32% of farmers
have personal computer in their house, the remaining 78% do not
·
Only 8% can
use a computer.
·
16% of them
have internet in their houses but only 8% of the farmers can use it.
·
The extension
system contacts farmers by: phone 2%, visiting the farm 4%, through the rural
council 14% while the remaining 82% have not been contacted at all.
·
Source of
farming information; 100% traditional,10% from experienced people, 18% from TV,
2% from newspapers, and 2% the web.
·
46% of farmers
stop milking pregnant cows prior to delivery, while 54% of them do not.
·
36% of farmers
stop milking pregnant animals from 40-60 days before calving. The correct time
to stop milking the pregnant cow is 60 days before calving.
·
The only used
method among the farmers for drying/stopping a cow producing milk is to milk
her less frequently each day, or milking the cow every other day. The correct
method is to change her feed and reduce her drinking water.
6. Miscellaneous
·
30% of farmers
benefit from MOA facilities but do not consider vaccination, AI services,
treatments and extension services as facilities.
·
4% benefited from loans, 6% received pick-up
trucks, 6% had greenhouses, 10% obtained feed, 2% received tractors while 2% had horticultural equipment.
·
10% of farmers
are satisfied with the MOAs facilities but 90% are not.
·
20% of those
participating are not satisfied with cow rearing, 80% are.
Result of data analysis
At the moment 100% of animal management, husbandry, housing
producing milk and milk processing are in a primitive, unhealthy and
nonscientific condition. This indicates that farmers are in urgent need of an extension
system.
The extension center situation in Kurdistan
Extension office activity of a center was taken as a sample for the
2011 fiscal year, and covered 154 village including 3,466 farmers. The survey
results were:
· 2 extension officers per 2,466 farmers. (compare with a Japanese extension center where
225extension officers, assisted by 298 rural agriculture leaders serve 1,820
farms)
· Animal extension officers hold high school and agriculture
institute certificates.
· They had 16 activities per year consisting of meetings and visits.
· Subjects of meetings were; vaccination, animal barns, zoonotic
diseases, dairy hygiene.
· Farmer beneficiaries were; 119 at ratio of 3.44% .
· Village beneficiaries were; 18 at ratio of 11.69%.
Scientific center
Both Sulaiymaniyah and Erbil agriculture college/ animal resource
faculties were asked about question that already had been answered by the
participating farmers above:
There were no great differences between answers including;
· Have few animals; in Sulaimaniyah
there are 5 cows, 2 bulls, 4 calves, and 8 cows, 2 bulls, 4 calves.
· They have no information about their calf F. generation
· They have only one breed of cows; Holstein X local cow cross breeds.
· They use natural mating for their cows, which has no reasonable
cause at all in modern dairy practice.
· They fed their cow clover but they do not measure out feeds just
as farmers surveyed do not.
· In Erbil college no vitamin supplements at all are given in the
feed, while in Sulaiymaniyah .college 0.02 ratio of vitamins is given when the
advised normal ratio is 1%
· Calves in Erbil are weaned at 3months of age while in Sulaimaniyah
they are weaned at 3-4 months.
· Calves suckle milk directly.
· Milking of pregnant cows is stopped at 1-2 months before
parturition by reducing the amount of milking and without changing the pregnant
cow’s feed.
Results
Livestock industry conditions are totally primitive and are the main
cause of low milk production. Even cow management in scientific centers is not
scientific! Allowing natural mating for cows in scientific centers has no
reasonable cause at all and extension system as a part of MOA&WR animal
management promotion policy is very weak with a lack of attention given to
agriculture. The total agricultural investment in Kurdistan was less than 2% .*
*Investment in Kurdistan from 2006-2010, by Dr.Talib Elam:
www.kurdistanfoodsecurity.com
Suggestion to improve livestock industry to increase milk product
1. Change in MOA&WR extension system policy
2. Change in MOA&WR animal production facilities.
COMMENT BY KURDISTANFOODSECURITY.COM
we are astounded to discover the poor knowledge of animal husbandry on the part of the farmers involved in this survey but that it reveals evidence of illegal smuggling of cattle, apathy on the part of over 40% of the farmers and that a third of them were prepared to make yogurt from the milk of animals being treated with antibiotics for mastitis! If that was not anough the survey of the institutions that should be teaching students correct husbandry procedures are doing no better than the farmers! How can they profess to teach students to an acceptable standard when they fail to practice accepted methods of cattle husbandry? It reminds me of the situations I saw in developing countries in Africa some 30 years ago and I fee sorry for the animals concerned.
